Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and death among young people, resulting in acute or permanent damage to physical, psychological, and cognitive functions. Currently, the treatment for TBI primarily involves surgical decompression and symptomatic supportive care, with a lack of effective interventions targeting the underlying pathological mechanisms. Recent studies have confirmed that neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of TBI, and strategies targeting neuroinflammation hold promise for providing new pathways for TBI. This review aims to discuss the progress in drug therapies targeting neuroinflammation in TBI, with the goal of providing reference for future research.

To explore the role of translocation protein (TSPO) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and its mechanism related to autophagy-lysosome pathway.

Forty-eight male rats were randomly divided into Sham group, IR group, IR+PK11195 group, and IR+chloroquine (CQ) group, with 12 rats in each group. The IR group used the middle cerebral artery occlusion method to establish a rat model of IR injury. The IR+PK11195 group was treated with PK11195 before IR, the IR+CQ group was treated with CQ before IR, and the Sham group was used as the surgical control group. Neurological function was assessed with Longa scoring 24 h after IR. Infarct areas were visualized through TTC staining, tissue deformation and necrosis observed via HE staining, apoptosis detected using TUNEL staining, CD86 and CD206 identified by immunohistochemistry, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) measured in ELISA assays, and protein expression levels of TSPO, Beclin 1, LC3B, p62, LAMP1, Cathepsin B, and Cathepsin D analyzed by Western blot.

The Longa score of the IR+PK11195 group was lower than that of the IR group, while the Longa score of the IR+CQ group was higher than that of the IR+PK11195 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). TTC staining results showed that the infarct area of the IR+PK11195 group and the IR+CQ group were smaller than that of the IR group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). HE staining results showed that compared with the IR group, the IR+PK11195 group had slightly reduced swelling, degeneration, and necrosis of neuronal cells in brain tissue, while the IR+CQ group had disordered brain tissue arrangement, increased swelling, degeneration, and necrosis of neuronal cells, and increased infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells. TUNEL staining results showed that the apoptosis rate of the IR+PK11195 group was significantly lower than that of the IR group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); The apoptosis rate of the IR+CQ group was slightly higher than that of the IR group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The immunohistochemical staining results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the expression of CD86 and CD206 proteins in the brain tissues of the four groups of rats (P>0.05). ELISA results showed that IL-6 and TNF-α in the IR group were higher than those in the Sham group, while IL-10 was lower; The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the IR+PK11195 group were lower than those in the IR group, while they were higher in the IR+CQ group; The anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 increased in the IR+PK11195 group compared to the IR group, while it decreased in the IR+CQ group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Western blot experiment results showed that the expression of autophagosome related proteins such as TSPO, LC3B, Beclin 1, etc. was reduced in the IR+PK11195 group compared to the IR group, while it was increased in the IR+CQ group compared to the IR group; The expression of lysosome related proteins such as p62, Cathepsin D, Cathepsin B, LAMP1 increased, while the IR+CQ group decreased compared to the IR group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).

In the rat cerebral IR model, TSPO expression increased and aggravated the injury, and the injury mechanism may be related to microglia-mediated inflammatory response and autophagy-lysosome pathway disorder.

To investigate the efficacy of transsphenoidal endoscopic functional pituitary tumor resection, and to analyze the postoperative changes in pituitary hormone levels and their impact on visual function.

A total of 58 patients with functional pituitary tumors who underwent surgical treatment at Neurosurgery Dpartment of Yibin Second People's Hospital from April 2018 to April 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, the control group (n=28) underwent transsphenoidal microscopic pituitary tumor resection, while the study group (n=30) underwent transsphenoidal neuroendoscopic pituitary tumor resection. Pituitary hormone levels, visual function, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, recurrence rate, and resection rate were compared between the two groups.

The postoperative levels of human growth hormone (HGH) in patients with HGH tumors, pattern standard deviation of visual field, and mean deviation of visual field in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group, while the visual field indexwas significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The study group also demonstrated shorter surgical duration, reduced postoperative hospital stay, and lower tumor recurrence rates compared to the control group, with a higher total tumor resection rate compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in postoperative prolactin levels among prolactinoma patients, postoperative adrenocorticotropic hormone levels among adrenocorticotropic hormone patients, or intraoperative blood loss (P>0.05).

Transsphenoidal neuroendoscopic resection is effective for functional pituitary adenomas, offering significant advantages in reducing serum growth hormone levels, improving visual function, and increasing the gross-total resection rate.

To explore the effect of intracranial hematoma evacuation combined with decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.

The clinical data of 94 patients with TBI in Neurosurgery Department of Nanjing Luhe People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed from January 2020 to January 2024. The patients who underwent intracranial hematoma evacuation and decompressive craniectomy were included in experimental group (49 cases), while those who underwent intracranial hematoma evacuation and bone flap reduction were included in control group (45 cases). The postoperative hematoma clearance rate, intracranial rebleeding rate, and incidence of complications were compared between two groups of patients. The changes in preoperative and postoperative GCS scores, intracranial pressure levels, coagulation function indicators [prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D-dimer], serum inflammatory factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT)], and vasoactive factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin-1 (Ang-1)] were analyzed. The patients were followed up for 3 months, and the prognosis (GOS grading) of two groups of patients was compared.

At 7 d after surgery, the GCS score in both groups was significantly enhanced than that before surgery; While PT and APTT were extended, intracranial pressure, D-dimer, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, PCT, VEGF and Ang-1 were decreased than before surgery (P<0.05). The GCS score, the hematoma clearance rate, and the intracranial rebleeding rate in experimental group was higher than that in control group while the intracranial pressure, D-dimer, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, PCT, VEGF and Ang-1 were lower than that in control group (P<0.05). There were no obvious differences in the incidence rates of complications between two groups (P>0.05). After 3 months of follow-up, there was no obvious difference in GOS grading between both groups (P>0.05).

For patients with TBI, intracranial hematoma evacuation combined with decompressive craniectomy can not only effectively removes the hematoma, but also optimize coagulation function, inhibit inflammatory factors, and regulate vascular active factors. Its therapeutic efficacy is superior to that of intracranial hematoma evacuation and bone flap reduction.

To analyze the diagnosis and treatment status of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital in recent years, and explore the related factors affecting prognosis.

Clinical data of MS patients diagnosed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital from January 2022 to October 2024 were collected from the MSNMOBase system of the China Rare Disease Alliance. Patients with onset age ≥18 years were divided into a young group (18-44 years old) and a middle-aged and elderly group (≥45 years old). General information (including gender, ethnicity, age of first onset, disease classification), clinical manifestations and characteristics of the two groups of patients were compared, and the drug treatment status of disease modifying therapy (DMT) was statistically analyzed. Correlation analysis was conducted on the activity of daily living (ADL) scores at the last follow-up to explore the factors affecting patient prognosis.

(1) General information: A total of 89 patients were included in this group, including 3 underage patients who did not participate in the grouping. There were 68 cases in the young group and 18 cases in the middle-aged and elderly group. The differences in gender, ethnicity, age of onset, disease type, initial symptoms, lesion involvement, EDSS score involvement function, and last EDSS score between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). However, the differences in the time from onset to diagnosis, first onset EDSS score, and last follow-up ADL score were statistically significant (P<0.05). (2) DMT drug treatment status: The median time from diagnosis to receiving DMT drug treatment is 1 month; 55 cases received intermediate efficacy DMT medication for the first time, of which 43 cases relapsed, with a median recurrence time of 24 months; 25 cases received high-efficiency DMT medication for the first time, of which 4 cases relapsed, with short recurrence intervals. (3) Correlation analysis of last follow-up ADL score: Univariate linear regression analysis showed that the last follow-up ADL score was correlated with age of onset, first onset EDSS score, last follow-up EDSS score, initial symptoms, diagnosis time, and choice of DMT medication; Further multivariate linear regression analysis showed that there was a correlation between the initial onset EDSS score, last follow-up EDSS score, and diagnosis time with the last follow-up ADL score.

(1) The differences in the disease characteristics of MS patients of different ages are mainly reflected in the duration from onset to diagnosis, the first EDSS score, and the ADL score at the last follow-up; (2) The ADL score at the last follow-up is highly correlated with the length of time from onset to diagnosis and the severity of symptoms at the first onset.

To analyze the correlation between temporal muscle thickness (TMT) and postoperative recurrence in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) who underwent burr hole drainage.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 108 CSDH patients who received burr hole drainage in the Neurosurgery Department of Taihe County People's Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023. TMT was measured by preoperative head CT scan. Patients were stratified by gender, and their TMT was compared between males and females. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and maximum Jordan index were used to determine the gender specific threshold for TMT. Based on this threshold, patients were divided into a low temporal muscle thickness (LTMT) group and a high temporal muscle thickness (HTMT) group, and their clinical data were compared between the two groups. According to whether the patient has a recurrence 6 months after surgery, they were divided into a recurrence group and a non-recurrence group. Adopting multiple Logistic regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence in CSDH patients.

Among the 108 patients, there were 19 patients in the recurrence group and 89 patients in the non-recurrence group. The TMT of male patients was significantly higher than that of females, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal TMT threshold for predicting recurrence was 4.175 mm for males and 3.300 mm for females. There were 56 cases in the HTMT group and 52 cases in the LTMT group. The recurrence rate of patients in the LTMT group was higher than that in the HTMT group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥70 years, TMT≤critical value (4.175 mm for males and 3.300 mm for females), and hematoma volume were independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence in CSDH patients.

Preoperative TMT below the gender specific threshold is an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence in CSDH patients, and its predictive value is not affected by age and hematoma volume, which helps identify patients at high risk of recurrence.

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has a high incidence in modern warfare, and shockwave is the main injury factor. However, the biomechanical mechanism of bTBI is still controversial. Finite element model (FEM) is able to analyze the complex mechanical change rules between and within objects and predict the response effects. In this paper, a review of the research on the establishment of FEM and its biomechanical simulation analysis of bTBI is presented, in order to provide reference for the clarification of the biomechanical mechanism of bTBI and the development of its protective measures.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that arises following an individual's exposure to traumatic events, often triggered by external factors such as explosions or shock, particularly evident in military conflicts, where its prevalence is significantly high, causing severe repercussions for both patients and society. Currently, the diagnosis of PTSD lacks objective standards, making screening and qualitative assessment challenging. This paper summarizes the latest research progress on genetic susceptibility biomarkers related to PTSD, biomarkers associated with structural and functional changes in the brain as revealed by neuroimaging findings, alterations in peripheral autonomic nervous system function, and specific peripheral fluid biomarkers, while also exploring the potential clinical applications of these biomarkers. The aim of this review is to provide a scientific basis for the early recognition, diagnosis, and personalized treatment of PTSD, thereby promoting the application of biomarkers in clinical practice.

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a prevalent complication associated with neurological disorders in both premature infants and adults. The presence of bloody cerebrospinal fluid not only induces inflammation and damage to brain tissue but may also lead to the development of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in some patients. Once PHH is formed, ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery is often required, but this surgical intervention carries inherent risks, including blockage, displacement, and infection of the shunt tubes. Currently, clinical and basic research have revealed the pathophysiological mechanisms of IVH-PHH, and explored its potential intervention strategies from a molecular biology perspective. This article mainly reviews the pathogenesis and treatment progress of IVH-PHH, aiming to provide new perspectives and ideas for drug therapy and target selection of this disease.