Spinal cord organoids are derived from induced pluripotent stem cells through directed differentiation and can closely recapitulate key features of spinal cord tissue, containing multiple cell types such as motor neurons, GABAergic interneurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The establishment of the first functional spinal cord organoid in 2018 enabled the construction of an in vitro model that progresses from single cells to multicellular structures. Although animal models have helped humans understand the mechanisms of spinal cord-related diseases, species differences between humans and animals prevent the accurate recapitulation of human pathological features. The emergence of spinal cord organoids overcomes this limitation, providing a foundation for developmental biology research, a potential bioengineering approach for regenerative medicine, and a platform for studying the mechanisms of spinal cord diseases and promoting functional recovery. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the core advances in spinal cord organoids, including the construction of spinal cord organoids using various patterning strategies, disease modeling, and current applications in regenerative medicine. It also discusses a series of current challenges and limitations, with the aim of offering perspectives for future research directions and facilitating the clinical translation of spinal cord organoids.

To investigate the effect and fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) expression on tumor proliferation in glioblastoma (GBM) under hypoxic environment.

(1) Tumor tissue samples were collected from 15 GBM patients who underwent surgical resection at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2021 to December 2024. Samples were collected from the peripheral, intermediate, and core regions, with 15 tumor tissue samples obtained from each region. Analyze the transcription and translation of FTO in different regions of GBM samples through Western blot and qRT-PCR; Using the GEO database (GSE78025) and cell models, U251-MG and LN229 cells were divided into normoxic, moderate hypoxic (1%O₂), and severe hypoxic (5%O₂) groups, and the differences in FTO expression under different conditions were analyzed. (2) Twenty-four 4-week-old Balb/c nude mice were selected, and U251-MG and LN229 cells pre stably infected with Lv-FTO or Lv-NC were subcutaneously inoculated into mice to construct xenograft tumor models. Each cell line was randomly divided into an FTO overexpression group (Lv-FTO group) and a negative control group (Lv-NC) using a random number table method, with 6 mice in each group. The changes in volume and mass of transplanted tumors in two groups of mice were observed and compared. The effect of FTO overexpression on GBM cell proliferation was explored, and the expression of PCNA, Vimentin, and Twist in transplanted tumor tissues was detected. (3) The expression changes of miR-27a-3p in GBM cells were detected under hypoxic conditions. Overexpression or inhibition of miR-27a-3p was achieved by transfecting agomir-27a-3p/antagomir-27a-3p, agomir-NC group, agomir-27a-3p group, antagomir-NC group, and antagomir-27a-3p group were set up, and its effects on FTO mRNA and protein expression were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot.

(1) FTO exhibited regional expression differences in GBM tissue, with FTO mRNA and protein expression levels in the core and intermediate zones significantly lower than those in the peripheral zone (P<0.05); Compared with normoxic conditions, FTO expression in GBM cells was significantly downregulated under hypoxic conditions (P<0.05). (2) Compared with the Lv-NC control group, the Lv-FTO overexpression group in nude mice exhibited significantly smaller tumor volumes and lighter tumor weights (P<0.05). furthermore, the protein and mRNA expression levels of PCNA, Vimentin, and Twist in tumor tissues of the Lv-FTO group were all significantly lower than those in the Lv-NC group (P<0.05). (3) Compared with the normoxic group, miR-27a-3p expression was significantly upregulated in the hypoxic group (P<0.05); Compared with the agomir-NC group, FTO mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in the agomir-27a-3p group (P<0.05); Compared with the antagomir-NC group, FTO expression was significantly increased in the antagomir-27a-3p group (P<0.05).

FTO inhibits GBM cell proliferation by downregulating the expression of PCNA, Vimentin, and Twist; Under hypoxic conditions, FTO expression decreases, reducing its inhibitory effect on GBM proliferation; MiR-27a-3p negatively regulates FTO expression, indirectly promoting GBM proliferation.

To investigate the timing of tracheotomy in patients with high-grade (Hun-Hess grade Ⅳ-Ⅴ) aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its impact on clinical prognosis.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 53 patients with aSAH admitted to Neurosurgery Department of Baoji Central Hospital from January 2015 to June 2020. The patients were divided into an ultra-early group (32 cases) and an early group (21 cases) according to the timing of tracheotomy. Patients in the ultra-early group underwent tracheostomy within 24 h after aSAH, while those in the early group underwent tracheostomy 1-7 d after aSAH. The incidence of complications related to the nervous system, respiratory system, tracheotomy, as well as indicators such as mechanical ventilation duration and NICU stay, were compared between the two groups. Neurological function recovery was evaluated using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 6 months after onset.

There was no significant difference in the occurrence of postoperative epilepsy, cerebral infarction, intracranial rebleeding, pneumothorax, urinary tract infection, sepsis, intracranial infection, incision infection, airway stenosis, subcutaneous emphysema, PCO₂, and bedsores between the two groups of patients. Compared with the early group, the incidence of postoperative pleural effusion, pulmonary infection, and deep vein thrombosis was reduced, the duration of mechanical ventilation, tube blockage, and NICU hospitalization was shortened, and blood gas levels of PO₂ were increased in the ultra-early group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). At a 6-month follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in mRS scores and mortality rates between the two groups of patients (P>0.05).

Ultra early tracheostomy in high-grade aSAH patients can effectively reduce the incidence of pulmonary infection, improve respiratory function, ensure oxygen supply to tissues and organs, reduce mechanical ventilation time, shorten NICU hospitalization time, and do not increase the mortality rate and neurological dysfunction of aSAH surgery patients.

To analyze the risk factors for postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage (BGH).

The clinical data of patients with basal ganglia cerebral hemorrhage who were treated surgically between May 2020 and December 2023 in the Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into DVT group and non-DVT group according to whether DVT was formed in the lower limbs after surgery. The clinical data of the 2 groups were compared, and the risk factors for postoperative lower limb DVT in BGH patients were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

A total of 300 BGH patients were included in this group, including 72 cases in the DVT group and 228 cases in the non-DVT group. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in age, body mass index (BMI), preoperative pulse pressure, intraoperative blood transfusion, surgical season, postoperative use of dehydrating drugs, site of venous catheterization, duration of venous catheterization, preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time, preoperative D-dimer levels, and preoperative blood chloride levels between the two groups of patients. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age≥65 years, BMI, surgical season (spring and winter), postoperative hormone use, intravenous catheterization time>3 d, preoperative D-dimer>2 μg/mL, and preoperative blood chloride>107 mmol/L were independent risk factors for lower limb DVT in BGH patients after surgery (P<0.05).

The independent risk factors for postoperative lower limb DVT in BGH patients include age≥65 years, BMI, surgical season (spring and winter), postoperative hormone use, intravenous catheterization time>3 d, preoperative D-dimer>2 μg/mL, and preoperative blood chloride>107 mmol/L. Clinical measures should be taken for early identification and treatment to reduce the incidence of DVT and improve the prognosis of patients.

To analyze the influencing factors of malnutrition in elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after surgery.

A total of 124 elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after surgery at Neurosurgery Department of the First People's Hospital of Zigong City from January 2022 to March 2023 were selected as the research subjects. According to the Global Leadership Malnutrition Initiative standards, the patients were divided into a non-malnutrition group and a malnutrition group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify influencing factors for postoperative malnutrition, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the optimal cut-off values for evaluating the discriminatory ability of the variables for malnutrition.

Among 124 elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after surgery, there were 72 cases in the non-malnutrition group and 52 cases in the malnutrition group. The differences in age, OICH score, swallowing disorders, albumin, NLR, and total cholesterol between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, albumin, and NLR were independent influencing factors for malnutrition in elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after surgery (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for predicting malnutrition in elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after surgery based on age, albumin, and NLR was 0.743, 0.835, and 0.648, respectively. Among them, the predictive power of albumin was higher than that of age and NLR. When age≥72.5 years, albumin≤30.08 g/L, or NLR≥2.52, it suggests that elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after surgery may have malnutrition.

Age, albumin, and NLR are independent influencing factors for malnutrition in elderly patients with intracerebral hemorrhage after surgery. Clinical attention should be paid to nutritional screening and early intervention for patients with advanced age (≥72.5 years), low albumin (≤30.08 g/L), and high NLR (≥2.52).

To explore the efficacy of different electrostimulation therapy (ET) for neurogenic bladder (NB) by Meta-analysis.

PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP Chinese Journal Service Platform were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of electroacupuncture (EA), tibial nerve stimulation (TNS), transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulation (TEAS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the treatment of NB. The search period was from the establishment of the database to November 15, 2024. The Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies, and meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 15.0 and Revman 5.4.1 software.

A total of 8 RCTs were included, involving 370 patients with NB. Among them, 2 were TEAS trials, 4 were TNS trials, 1 was TENS trial, and 1 was EA trial. The results of the Meta-analysis showed that ET can significantly improve the maximum bladder capacity (MD=67.96, 95%CI: 60.97-74.94) and reduce the frequency of urination [MD=-3.32, 95%CI: -6.58-(-0.06)] in SCI-related NB.

ET can effectively improve the maximum bladder capacity and urinary frequency symptoms in NB patients, and this effect is more significant in SCI related NB patients.

To investigate the application efficacy of 3D-printed protective caps in patients with traumatic skull defects.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 31 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who underwent decompressive craniectomy (DC) in the Neurosurgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from December 2023 to October 2025. The patients were divided into a cap-wearing group (15 cases) and a control group (16 cases) based on whether they wore 3D printed protective caps after surgery. Follow up for 3 months after surgery, observe and compare the incidence of subdural fluid accumulation, complications, and prognosis between the two groups of patients.

During the follow-up period, 14 patients developed subdural fluid accumulation after surgery, including 1 case (6.7%) in the cap-wearing group and 13 cases (81.3%) in the control group. The incidence of subdural effusion and the maximum thickness of subdural effusion were compared between the two groups of patients, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); Both groups of patients did not experience adverse events such as skin allergies, damage, or poor wound healing. The Glasgow outcome scale-extended of the cap-wearing group at 3 months after surgery was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

The 3D-printed protective cap can reduce the risk of subdural effusion after DC in patients with TBI, and improve patient prognosis.

The glymphatic system (GS), a key brain waste clearance pathway, has seen growing research interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) in recent years. Post-TBI GS impairment triggers cerebral edema, inflammatory responses, and neurodegenerative lesions. Although recent studies have revealed its importance in the pathological process of TBI, there are still problems such as an insufficient understanding of specific action mechanisms, including aquaporin-4 polarization regulation and dural lymphatic drainage, as well as the lack of standardized, multimodal neuroimaging quantitative evaluation methods. This article systematically reviews the anatomical and physiological basis of GS, deeply explores the pathological mechanisms by which post-TBI cerebral edema and sleep disorders exacerbate GS dysfunction, and highlights current non-invasive evaluation technologies and emerging targeted interventions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of secondary TBI injury and future targeted neuroprotective research.

Brain metastasis (BM) refers to the spread of malignant tumors from other parts of the body to the brain and is one of the most common tumors of the central nervous system. Although the incidence of BM is high, there is still no universally accepted optimal treatment strategy, and surgery remains one of the main treatment modalities. Surgical adjuncts such as neuronavigation, intraoperative ultrasound (iOUS), and Fluorescein sodium (FLS) play important roles in BM surgery and contribute to achieving gross total resection. However, the application and standardization of these auxiliary techniques in neurosurgery remain insufficient, which may lead to differences in surgical efficacy and safety, thereby affecting the completeness of tumor resection and postoperative recovery of patients. This article reviews the latest advances in the application of neuronavigation, iOUS, and FLS in BM surgery, with the aim of clarifying their potential clinical value and future application prospects.