Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often secondary to brain dysfunctions such as cognitive, motor, emotional and consciousness disorders, which are characterized by high disability rate, long rehabilitation cycle and limited efficacy of traditional rehabilitation, and have become an urgent problem to be solved in the fields of neurosurgery and rehabilitation medicine. With the rapid iteration of artificial intelligence and neuroengineering technology, brain-computer interface (BCI) can realize real-time decoding and closed-loop interaction of brain functional signals, and neuromodulation technology can accurately target and regulate the excitability of abnormal neural circuits. The combined application of the two breaks the limitations of passive training in traditional rehabilitation and constructs a new rehabilitation system of "neural signal monitoring-precise regulation-active functional remodeling". Based on the recent domestic and foreign research progress, this paper systematically expounds the neural mechanism of the synergistic effect of BCI and neuromodulation technology, summarizes the clinical application value of their combination in the rehabilitation of post-traumatic consciousness disturbance, motor function defect, cognitive and emotional disorders, analyzes the current bottlenecks in technology integration, clinical implementation and standardized system construction, and prospects for the future development direction of intelligent, precise and individualized neural rehabilitation, aiming to provide new ideas and theoretical references for precise diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of functional disorders after TBI.