Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common disease in Neurosurgery, and current clinical treatment methods (such as surgical decompression and hyperbaric oxygen therapy) have limitations, making it difficult to break through the therapeutic bottleneck. In recent years, the emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs) has provided new therapeutic approaches for SCI by modulating inflammatory responses, neuronal apoptosis, and axonal regeneration, making them a hotpoint in neurosurgical research. However, due to the individual variability of miRNAs and their own diversity and target diversity, the specific mechanism by which they act on SCI by regulating inflammatory responses is still unclear. Therefore this study mainly focuses on the regulation of microglial phenotype and SCI inflammatory microenvironment by miRNAs through the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, and explores the research progress of different miRNAs acting on the NF-κB signaling pathway and downstream targets of SCI, aiming to provide new research ideas and potential targets for the treatment strategy of SCI.