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中华神经创伤外科电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (03) : 151 -157. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9141.2024.03.005

临床研究

重型颅脑损伤患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及病原学分析
从长春1, 王春琳1, 武孝刚1, 王金标1, 章福彬2, 孙磊2, 王李2,()   
  1. 1. 230031 合肥,解放军联勤保障部队第九〇一医院神经外科
    2. 230031 合肥,解放军联勤保障部队第九〇一医院急诊科
  • 收稿日期:2024-01-06 出版日期:2024-06-15
  • 通信作者: 王李

Risk factors and etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Changchun Cong1, Chunlin Wang1, Xiaogang Wu1, Jinbiao Wang1, Fubin Zhang2, Lei Sun2, Li Wang2,()   

  1. 1. Department of Neurosurgery, the 901st Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Hefei 230031, China
    2. Department of Emergency, the 901st Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Hefei 230031, China
  • Received:2024-01-06 Published:2024-06-15
  • Corresponding author: Li Wang
  • Supported by:
    Research Project of Teaching Hospital of Anhui Medical University(2023xkj244)
引用本文:

从长春, 王春琳, 武孝刚, 王金标, 章福彬, 孙磊, 王李. 重型颅脑损伤患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及病原学分析[J]. 中华神经创伤外科电子杂志, 2024, 10(03): 151-157.

Changchun Cong, Chunlin Wang, Xiaogang Wu, Jinbiao Wang, Fubin Zhang, Lei Sun, Li Wang. Risk factors and etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury[J]. Chinese Journal of Neurotraumatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 10(03): 151-157.

目的

探究重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者发生不同时段呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素以及VAP相关的病原学特征。

方法

收集解放军联勤保障部队第九〇一医院神经外科自2020年1月至2022年12月收治的伤后接受机械通气≥48 h的169例sTBI患者的临床资料,根据有无发生VAP分为非VAP组和VAP组,再根据VAP发生的时间分为早发性VAP(EOVAP)组和晚发性VAP(LOVAP)组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析筛选sTBI患者发生VAP的独立危险因素,分析VAP相关病原学分布情况并统计其对抗生素的耐药率。

结果

169例sTBI患者中,84例患者发生VAP,发生率为49.70%,其中EOVAP组44例,LOVAP组40例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、昏迷、头部损伤、胸部损伤、肺挫伤和ISS评分是VAP的独立危险因素,其中年龄、昏迷、头部损伤和ISS评分是EOVAP和LOVAP的共同独立危险因素。病原学分析显示,EOVAP患者的致病菌多为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,LOVPA患者的致病菌多为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,且多为多重耐药菌,特别是对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率高。

结论

sTBI患者发生VAP的因素存在差异,年龄、昏迷、头部损伤和ISS评分是EOVAP、LOVAP的共同独立危险因素,其VAP发生期间的动态细菌谱及细菌耐药谱对经验性使用抗生素有一定意义。

Objective

To explore risk factors and etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).

Methods

The clinical information and pathogenetic data of 169 patients with sTBI who required mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h after injury and were admitted in Neurosurgery Department of the 901st Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA form January 2020 to December 2022 were collected. The patients were divided into non VAP group and VAP group based on the presence or absence of VAP, and further divided into early-onset-VAP (EOVAP) group and late-onset-VAP (LOVAP) group based on the time of VAP occurrence. Risk factors and pathogens of VAP were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. the pathogenic distribution was recorded and its resistance rate to antibiotics was calculated.

Results

Among the 169 sTBI patients, 84 were VAP patients, with an incidence rate of 49.70%, including 44 cases in the EOVAP group and 40 cases in the LOVAP group. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, coma, head injury, chest injury, lung contusion, and ISS score were independent risk factors for VAP, with age, coma, head injury, and ISS score being common independent risk factors for EOVAP and LOVAP. Pathogen detection results showed that the bacteria in EOVAP patients with sTBI were mostly Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, while the pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophil, in LOVAP patients had resistance to multiple antibiotics, especially to carbapenem antibiotics.

Conclusion

The factors that cause VAP in sTBI patients are variant. Age, coma, head injury and ISS are common independent risk factors of EOVAP and LOVAP. The dynamic bacterial profile and bacterial resistance profile during VAP occurrence have certain significance for empirical antibiotic use.

表1 sTBI患者的临床特征
Tab.1 Clinical features of patients with sTBI
项目 非VAP组(n=85) EOVAP组(n=44) LOVAP组(n=40) EOVAP组vs非VAP组 LOVAP组vs非VAP组
χ2/t/U P χ2/t/U P
年龄(岁,±s 50.6±17.5 45.2±14.3 61.25±14.8 -5.042 <0.001 3.671 <0.001
男性[例(%)] 71(83.5) 34(77.2) 30(70.5) -0.289 0.543 -1.912 0.167
昏迷[例(%)] 27(31.8) 36(81.8) 33(82.5) -3.042 0.004 -2.983 0.002
合并慢性病症[例(%)] 38(44.7) 7(15.9) 23(57.5) -10.382 0.001 -3.221 0.238
慢性阻塞性肺疾病 2(2.4) 2(4.5) 1(2.5)        
哮喘 3(3.5) 1(2.2) 1(2.5)        
慢性肾脏病 4(4.7) 2(4.5) 3(7.5)        
慢性肝病 5(5.9) 2(4.5) 4(10.0)        
慢性免疫抑制 2(2.3) 1(2.2) 0(0)        
糖尿病 12(14.1) 4(9.0) 6(15.0)        
心脏病 24(28.2) 5(11.3) 15(37.5)        
损伤类型[例(%)]       -0.451 0.645 -1.937 0.329
闭合性 77(90.6) 38(86.4) 35(87.5)        
开放性 8(9.4) 6(13.6) 5(12.5)        
损伤系统数[例(%)]       -21.742 <0.001 -2.399 0.523
仅TBI 32(37.6) 5(11.4) 11(27.5)        
TBI+1 28(32.9) 11(25.0) 10(25.0)        
TBI+2 13(15.3) 12(27.3) 11(27.5)        
TBI+3 12(14.1) 16(36.3) 8(20.0)        
合并损伤部位[例(%)]              
头部 44(51.8) 33(75.0) 31(77.5) 7.108 0.007 6.939 0.016
面部 25(29.4) 9(20.4) 15(37.5) -0.530 0.463 -0.212 0.645
胸部 35(41.1) 22(50.0) 7(17.5) 12.535 <0.001 -1.641 0.200
腹部 7(8.2) 6(13.6) 2(5.0) -6.351 0.740 -4.138 1.000
四肢 16(18.8) 16(36.3) 13(32.5) -6.907 0.099 -1.720 0.190
ISS评分[分,M(P25,P75)] 15[11,17] 28[20,41] 39[27,45] 45.327 <0.001 32.342 <0.001
入院时临床特点[例(%)]              
出血性休克 8(9.4) 11(25.0) 7(17.5) 5.124 0.019 1.734 0.107
血管升压素使用 4(4.7) 4(9.0) 6(15.0) 3.303 0.194 5.458 0.090
多次输血 7(8.2) 8(18.1) 8(20.0) 2.265 0.218 3.158 0.084
肺挫伤 11(12.9) 23(52.27) 11(27.5) 25.760 <0.001 1.093 0.204
心肺复苏 0(0) 2(4.5) 3(7.5) 2.232 0.343 4.273 0.027
APACHE-Ⅱ评分[分,M(P25,P75)] 18[13,21] 16.5[12,21] 32.5[24,45] 24.618 <0.001 48.285 <0.001
表2 sTBI患者发生EOVAP的多因素Logistic回归分析
Tab 2 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of patients with EOVAP after sTBI
表3 sTBI患者发生LOVAP的多因素Logistic回归分析
Tab.3 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of patients with LOVAP after sTBI
表4 病原菌菌种分布及构成比
Tab.4 Pathogen distribution and ratio of patients with VAP
表5 早发性VAP和晚发性VAP患者的病原菌耐药率[株(%)]
Tab.5 Drug resistance rate of patients with EOVAP and LOVAP [n(%)]
抗菌药物 鲍曼不动杆菌 肺炎克雷伯杆菌 铜绿假单胞菌 金黄色葡萄球菌 嗜麦芽窄食单胞
EOVAP LOVAP EOVAP LOVAP EOVAP LOVAP EOVAP LOVAP EOVAP LOVAP
头孢他啶 6(75.0) 6(85.4) 2(25.0) 3(60.0) 1(20.0) 2(28.5) 1(14.2) 1(33.3) - 1(50.0)
头孢曲松 3(37.5) 6(85.4) 4(50.0) 4(80.0) 1(20.0) 5(71.4) - - - 2(100.0)
头孢吡肟 2(25.0) 6(85.4) 2(25.0) 3(60.0) 2(40.0) 5(71.4) 4(57.1) 1(33.3) - 1(50.0)
头孢哌酮 5(62.5) 5(71.4) 5(62.5) 4(80.0) 3(60.0) 4(57.1) - - - 2(100.0)
头孢哌酮舒巴坦 2(25.0) 4(57.1) 1(12.5) 1(20.0) 1(20.0) 2(28.5) - - - 1(50.0)
苯唑西林 - - - - - - 3(42.8) 3(100.0) - -
哌拉西林 5(62.5) 7(100.0) 5(62.5) 4(80.0) 1(20.0) 4(57.1) - - - 2(100.0)
哌拉西林他唑巴坦 2(25.0) 5(71.4) 1(12.5) 1(20.0) 0(0.0) 2(28.5) - - - 1(50.0)
左氧氟沙星 4(50.0) 7(100.0) 3(37.5) 2(40.0) 1(20.0) 5(71.4) 3(42.8) 3(100.0) - 0(0.0)
莫西沙星 3(37.5) 7(100.0) 2(25.0) 1(20.0) 0(0.0) 4(57.1) 2(28.5) 2(66.6) - 0(0.0)
美罗培南 3(37.5) 7(100.0) 0(0.0) 2(40.0) 2(40.0) 5(71.4) - - - 2(100.0)
亚胺培南 4(50.0) 7(100.0) 0(0.0) 2(40.0) 2(40.0) 5(71.4) - - - 2(100.0)
万古霉素 - - - - - - 0(0.0) 0(0.0) - -
利奈唑胺 - - - - - - 0(0.0) 0(0.0) - -
氨曲南 4(50.0) 5(71.4) 2(25.0) 1(20.0) 2(40.0) 4(57.1) - - - 2(100.0)
阿米卡星 1(12.5) 2(28.5) 1(12.5) 0(0.0) 1(20.0) 2(28.5) - - - 1(50.0)
米诺环素 2(25.0) 3(42.8) 2(25.0) 1(20.0) 3(60.0) 7(100.0) 3(42.8) 2(66.6) - 0(0.0)
替加环素 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) - - 0(0.0) 0(0.0) - 0(0.0)
多粘菌素 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) - - - 0(0.0)
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