创伤性脑损伤（TBI）后常继发认知、运动、情绪及意识等神经功能障碍，具有致残率高、康复周期长、传统康复疗效有限等特点，是神经外科与康复医学领域亟待突破的难题。随着人工智能与神经工程技术的快速迭代，脑机接口（BCI）可实现脑功能信号的实时解码与闭环交互，神经调控技术能够精准靶向调节异常神经环路兴奋性，二者的联合应用打破了传统康复被动训练的局限，构建了"神经信号监测-精准调控-主动功能重塑"的新型康复体系。本文结合近年国内外相关研究进展，系统阐述BCI与神经调控技术协同作用的神经机制，总结其联合应用在TBI后意识障碍、运动功能缺损、认知及情绪障碍康复中的临床价值，分析当前技术融合、临床落地、标准化体系建设中存在的瓶颈问题，并对未来智能化、精准化、个体化神经康复的发展方向进行展望，旨在为TBI后脑功能障碍的精准诊疗及康复提供新思路与理论参考。

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often secondary to brain dysfunctions such as cognitive, motor, emotional and consciousness disorders, which are characterized by high disability rate, long rehabilitation cycle and limited efficacy of traditional rehabilitation, and have become an urgent problem to be solved in the fields of neurosurgery and rehabilitation medicine. With the rapid iteration of artificial intelligence and neuroengineering technology, brain-computer interface (BCI) can realize real-time decoding and closed-loop interaction of brain functional signals, and neuromodulation technology can accurately target and regulate the excitability of abnormal neural circuits. The combined application of the two breaks the limitations of passive training in traditional rehabilitation and constructs a new rehabilitation system of "neural signal monitoring-precise regulation-active functional remodeling". Based on the recent domestic and foreign research progress, this paper systematically expounds the neural mechanism of the synergistic effect of BCI and neuromodulation technology, summarizes the clinical application value of their combination in the rehabilitation of post-traumatic consciousness disturbance, motor function defect, cognitive and emotional disorders, analyzes the current bottlenecks in technology integration, clinical implementation and standardized system construction, and prospects for the future development direction of intelligent, precise and individualized neural rehabilitation, aiming to provide new ideas and theoretical references for precise diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of functional disorders after TBI.