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中华神经创伤外科电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (06) : 359 -366. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9141.2024.06.007

临床研究

重型颅脑损伤术后脑膨出的风险预测模型构建
王霞1, 粱育磊1, 沈杰1, 袁杰1, 吴颖鹏1, 张丽丽1, 陈相娣,1   
  1. 1. 230000 合肥,解放军联勤保障部队第九〇一医院康复科
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27 出版日期:2024-12-15
  • 通信作者: 陈相娣
  • 基金资助:
    2022年安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2022e07020029)

Risk prediction model of encephalocele after severe traumatic brain injury was constructed based on random forest algorithm

Xia Wang1, Yulei Liang1, Jie Shen1, Jie Yuan1, Yingpeng Wu1, Lili Zhang1, Xiangdi Chen,1   

  1. 1. Department of Rehabilitation, the 901st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force,Hefei 230000,China
  • Received:2024-06-27 Published:2024-12-15
  • Corresponding author: Xiangdi Chen
引用本文:

王霞, 粱育磊, 沈杰, 袁杰, 吴颖鹏, 张丽丽, 陈相娣. 重型颅脑损伤术后脑膨出的风险预测模型构建[J/OL]. 中华神经创伤外科电子杂志, 2024, 10(06): 359-366.

Xia Wang, Yulei Liang, Jie Shen, Jie Yuan, Yingpeng Wu, Lili Zhang, Xiangdi Chen. Risk prediction model of encephalocele after severe traumatic brain injury was constructed based on random forest algorithm[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Neurotraumatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 10(06): 359-366.

目的

分析重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者术后脑膨出发生的危险因素,并通过随机森林算法构建sTBI术后脑膨出发生的风险预测模型。

方法

回顾性收集解放军联勤保障部队第九〇一医院康复科自2020 年3 月至2023 年6 月行手术治疗的180 例sTBI 患者为研究对象,作为建模组。根据患者术后是否发生脑膨出将其分为脑膨出组和非脑膨出组,采用多因素Logistic回归分析sTBI患者术后脑膨出发生的危险因素,运用R 软件建立预测sTBI 患者术后脑膨出发生的随机森林模型。同时收集我院自2023年7月至2024年4月收治的78例sTBI患者作为验证组,验证随机森林模型的准确性。

结果

在180例sTBI患者中,术后有104例sTBI患者术后发生了脑膨出(脑膨出组),76 例sTBI 患者术后未发生脑膨出(非脑膨出组),术后脑膨出发生率为57.78%(104/180)。脑膨出组和非脑膨出组患者术前颅内压、术前GCS 评分、受伤到手术时间、未人工硬膜减张缝合、使用弹力泳帽、迟发型出血等资料比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前颅内压>60 mmHg、术前GCS 评分3~5 分、受伤到手术时间>6 h、未人工硬膜减张缝合、未使用弹力泳帽、迟发型出血均是sTBI患者术后并发脑膨出的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。随机森林分析结果显示,预测sTBI患者术后脑膨出的相对重要预测因子依次排序为术前GCS评分、受伤到手术时间、未人工硬膜减张缝合、术前颅内压、迟发型出血、使用弹力泳帽;基于上述因素构建的sTBI 患者术后脑膨出的随机森林模型AUC 值为0.850(灵敏度为78.85%,特异度为78.95%),高于多因素Logistic回归模型(AUC=0.811),差异有统计学意义(Z=2.296,P=0.022)。进一步对模型进行外部验证发现,验证组的AUC 值、特异度和灵敏度依次为0.838、81.40%和74.36%,与建模组的AUC 相接近,均为中等预测效能(Z=0.740,P=0.460)。

结论

sTBI 患者术后脑膨出的影响因素排序依次为术前GCS评分、受伤到手术时间、未人工硬膜减张缝合、术前颅内压、迟发型出血、使用弹力泳帽,基于此构建的随机森林模型具有较好的风险预测效能。

Objective

To analyze the risk factors of postoperative encephalocele in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI), and to construct a risk prediction model for postoperative encephalocele using random forest algorithm.

Methods

One hundred and eighty patients with sTBI who underwent surgical treatment from March 2020 to June 2023 in Rehabilitation Department of the 901st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force were retrospectively collected as the research objects and used as the modeling group. The patients were divided into the encephalocele group and the nonencephalocele group according to whether they developed encephalocele after surgery. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of postoperative encephalocele in patients with sTBI, and R software was used to establish a random forest model to predict the occurrence of postoperative encephalocele in patients with sTBI. At the same time, 78 patients with sTBI admitted to our hospital from July 2023 to April 2024 were collected as the verification group to verify the accuracy of the random forest model.

Results

Among 180 patients with sTBI, 104 patients with sTBI had postoperative encephalocele (encephalocele group), and 76 patients with sTBI did not have postoperative encephalocele (non-encephalocele group), and the incidence of postoperative encephalocele was 57.78%(104/180). There were significant differences in preoperative intracranial pressure, preoperative GCS score, time from injury to operation, no artificial dural relaxation suture, use of elastic swimming cap and delayed hemorrhage between the encephalocele group and the non - encephalocele group (P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative intracranial pressure >60 mmHg,preoperative GCS score 3-5 points,time from injury to operation >6 h,no artificial dural relaxation suture,no use of elastic swimming cap, and delayed hemorrhage were all independent risk factors for postoperative encephalocele in sTBI patients (P<0.05). The results of random forest analysis showed that the relative important predictors of postoperative encephalocele in sTBI patients were, in order,preoperative GCS score, time from injury to operation, no artificial dural relaxation suture, preoperative intracranial pressure, delayed hemorrhage, and use of elastic swimming cap. Based on the above factors,the AUC value of the random forest model for postoperative encephalocele in sTBI patients was 0.850(sensitivity 78.85%,specificity 78.95%),which was higher than that of the multivariate Logistic regression model (AUC=0.811), and the difference was statistically significant (Z=2.296, P=0.022). Further external verification of the model found that, The AUC value, specificity and sensitivity of the verification group were 0.838, 81.40% and 74.36%, respectively, which were close to the AUC of the modeling group, with medium prediction efficiency (Z=0.740,P=0.460).

Conclusion

The influencing factors of postoperative encephalocele in sTBI patients were in order of preoperative GCS score, time from injury to operation, no artificial dural relaxation suture,preoperative intracranial pressure,delayed hemorrhage,and use of elastic swimming cap.The random forest model constructed in this study has a good risk prediction efficiency.

表1 脑膨出组和非脑膨出组患者的临床资料对比
Tab.1 Comparison of clinical data between the encephalocele group and the non-encephalocele group
项目 脑膨出组(n=104) 非脑膨出组(n=76) t2 P
性别[例(%)] 0.641 0.423
男性 65(62.50) 43(56.58)
女性 39(37.50) 33(43.42)
年龄(岁,xˉ±s 47.34±8.62 45.27±9.04 1.559 0.121
体质量指数(kg/m2xˉ±s 22.84±2.16 22.37±2.21 1.428 0.155
居住地[例(%)] 0.043 0.835
农村 55(52.88) 39(51.32)
城镇 49(47.12) 37(48.68)
文化程度[例(%)] 0.250 0.617
初中及以上 44(42.31) 35(46.05)
初中以下 60(57.69) 41(53.95)
抽烟[例(%)] 43(41.35) 31(40.79) 0.006 0.940
饮酒[例(%)] 50(48.08) 33(43.42) 0.383 0.536
糖尿病[例(%)] 14(13.46) 9(11.84) 0.103 0.748
高血压[例(%)] 24(23.08) 13(17.11) 0.959 0.327
术前颅内压[例(%)] 10.677 0.001
>60 mmHg 51(49.04) 19(25.00)
≤60 mmHg 53(50.96) 57(75.00)
术前低血压[例(%)] 23(22.12) 10(13.16) 2.353 0.125
术前GCS评分[例(%)] 9.400 0.002
6~8分 43(41.35) 49(64.47)
3~5分 61(58.65) 27(35.53)
脑干损伤[例(%)] 39(37.50) 19(25.00) 3.142 0.076
受伤到手术时间[例(%)] 10.718 0.001
>6 h 64(61.54) 28(36.84)
≤6 h 40(38.46) 48(63.16)
致病原因[例(%)] 0.141 0.932
高空坠落 31(29.81) 21(27.63)
车祸 49(47.12) 36(47.37)
其他原因 24(23.08) 19(25.00)
合并多发伤[例(%)] 53(50.96) 35(46.05) 0.423 0.515
未人工硬膜减张缝合[例(%)] 39(37.50) 12(15.79) 10.193 0.001
基底池消失[例(%)] 42(40.38) 24(61.58) 1.466 0.226
使用弹力泳帽[例(%)] 77(74.04) 68(89.47) 6.679 0.010
脑积水[例(%)] 34(32.69) 20(26.32) 0.850 0.356
迟发型出血[例(%)] 48(46.15) 18(23.68) 9.547 0.002
表2 sTBI患者术后并发脑膨出的多因素Logistic回归分析
Tab.2 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of postoperative brain herniation in patients with sTBI
图1 sTBI患者术后并发脑膨出变量的随机森林图 A:模型错误率和决策树量的关系;B:sTBI患者术后并发脑膨出变量的重要性排序
Fig.1 Random forest plots of postoperative encephalocele in sTBI patients
表3 变量赋值表
Tab.3 Variable assignment table
图2 2种模型预测sTBI患者术后脑膨出发生的ROC曲线
Fig.2 ROC curves of the two models predicting postoperative encephalocele in patients with sTBI
表4 2种预测模型对sTBI患者术后脑膨出的诊断效能
Tab.4 Diagnostic efficacy of two prediction models for postoperative brain herniation in patients with sTBI
图3 验证组预测sTBI患者术后脑膨出发生的ROC曲线
Fig.3 ROC curve for predicting postoperative kyphosis in sTBI patients in the validation group
表5 建模组与验证组患者的临床资料比较
Tab.5 Comparison of clinical data between modeling group and validation group patients
项目 建模组(n=180) 验证组(n=78) t2 P
性别[例(%)] 0.001 0.969
男性 108(60.00) 47(60.26)
女性 72(40.00) 31(39.74)
年龄(岁,xˉ±s 47.52±8.83 49.25±8.31 1.471 0.143
体质量指数(kg/m2xˉ±s 23.15±2.18 23.63±2.25 1.609 0.109
居住地[例(%)] 0.499 0.480
农村 94(52.22) 37(47.44)
城镇 86(47.78) 41(52.56)
文化程度[例(%)] 0.055 0.814
初中及以上 79(43.89) 33(42.31)
初中以下 101(56.11) 45(57.69)
抽烟[例(%)] 74(41.11) 36(46.15) 0.566 0.452
饮酒[例(%)] 83(46.11) 30(38.46) 1.294 0.255
糖尿病[例(%)] 23(12.78) 11(14.10) 0.083 0.773
高血压[例(%)] 37(21.67) 15(19.23) 0.195 0.659
术前颅内压[例(%)] 0.265 0.607
>60 mmHg 70(38.89) 33(42.31)
≤60 mmHg 110(61.11) 45(57.69)
术前低血压[例(%)] 33(18.33) 15(19.23) 0.029 0.865
术前GCS评分[例(%)] 0.163 0.686
6~8分 92(51.11) 42(53.85)
3~5分 88(48.89) 36(46.15)
脑干损伤[例(%)] 58(32.22) 22(28.21) 0.410 0.522
受伤到手术时间[例(%)] 0.352 0.553
>6 h 92(51.11) 43(55.13)
≤6 h 88(48.89) 35(44.87)
致病原因[例(%)] 1.755 0.416
高空坠落 52(28.89) 29(37.18)
车祸 85(47.22) 32(41.03)
其他 43(23.89) 17(21.79)
合并多发伤[例(%)] 88(48.89) 39(50.00) 0.027 0.870
未人工硬膜减张缝合[例(%)] 51(28.33) 25(32.05) 0.362 0.547
基底池消失[例(%)] 66(36.67) 27(34.62) 0.099 0.753
使用弹力泳帽[例(%)] 145(80.56) 59(75.65) 0.794 0.373
脑积水[例(%)] 54(30.00) 18(23.08) 1.296 0.255
迟发型出血[例(%)] 66(36.67) 29(37.18) 0.006 0.937
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